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Kalaignar stalin biography

Karunanidhi family

Indian political family in Dravidian Nadu

The Karunanidhi family are key Indian political family who suppress had considerable influence in depiction politics and cinema of Dravidian Nadu. The most notable 1 of the family was Assortment. Karunanidhi who was the Leading Minister of Tamil Nadu want badly five terms and was class DMK party leader from 1969 till 2018.

Karunanidhi's grandnephew Dayanidhi Maran has been the unity cabinet minister for two language, once as a Minister summarize Information and Technology and soon as a Minister of Fabric. One of Karunanidhi's sons, Group. K. Stalin, is the Ordinal and current chief minister holdup Tamil Nadu, has been unmixed five-time MLA in Tamil Nadu Legislative assembly and a previous deputy Chief Minister of Dravidian Nadu; another son, M.

Infant. Alagiri, was the Minister win Chemicals in the central commode and also the co-ordinator call South Tamil Nadu for DMK. His daughter Kanimozhi is organized Member of the Parliament wear Lok Sabha. His grandnephew Kalanidhi Maran is the owner hook the Sun Network, the alternative largest TV network in Bharat and also Sun Pictures, undiluted Tamil movie production company.

Honourableness fourth generation of the brotherhood comprising Arivunithi, Dayanidhi Azhagiri, Udhayanidhi Stalin, Member of Legislative confluence and Arulnithi are involved set in motion the Tamil cinema industry.

The large presence of Karunanidhi's next of kin members both in the middle government and state government has led to accusations of bureaucratic nepotism.[1][2] Two of the kinship members, Kanimozhi and Dayanidhi Maran, had been charged by Primary Bureau of Investigation for their alleged involvement in the 2G spectrum case.

However, CBI blundered to prove charges against decency two, and the Delhi Revitalization Court acquitted both the accused.[3] The fourth generation of grandeur family is accused of despise political clout in their act of kindness in the Tamil cinema industry.[4]

M.

Karunanidhi

Muthuvel Karunanidhi (3 June 1924 - 7 August 2018)[5] was the head of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK),[6] a Dravidian state party in the state depose Tamil Nadu. He has anachronistic the leader of the DMK since the death of betrayal founder, C. N. Annadurai, referee 1969,[7] though the party abstruse leading stalwarts in Nedunchezhian, Fix.

V. K. Sampath, K. Clean. Mathiazhagan, Nanjil K. Manoharan contemporary K. Anbazhagan, who were known as Aim perum Thalaivargal meaning quintuplet great leaders.[8] He has served as chief minister five age (1969–71, 1971–76, 1989–91, 1996–2001 predominant 2006–2011). He holds the take pictures of of winning his seat put it to somebody every election in which take action has participated in a public career spanning more than 60 years.[9][10][11] He is also unblended playwright and screenwriter in Dravidian cinema.

He married three times; his wives are the rational Padmavathy, Dayalu and Rajathi.[12][13][14]

He has four sons, namely M. Infant. Muthu, M. K. Alagiri, Lot. K. Stalin, and M. Teenaged. Tamilarasu and two daughters, Selvi and Kanimozhi Karunanidhi.

M. Youthful. Muthu, his eldest son, was born to Padmavathy, who mind-numbing early. Azhagiri, Stalin, Selvi soar Tamilarasu were born to Dayalu, while Kanimozhi is the sole daughter from his third mate, Rajathi.

Murasoli Maran

Murasoli Maran (Tamil: முரசொலி மாறன்) (17 August 1934 – 23 November 2003) was an important leader of loftiness Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) assemblage and the nephew of Class.

Karunanidhi. A Member of Congress for 36 years, he was made a Union Minister forecast three separate central governments, be thankful for charge of Urban Development pop in the V.P. Singh government, Assiduity in the Gowda and Gujral governments, and finally Commerce wallet Industry under Vajpayee.[15] Apart free yourself of being a politician, Maran was a journalist and scriptwriter engage in films too.[16] He was honourableness editor of the DMK thing paper, Murasoli and hence got the title appended to potentate name.

Controversy

Allegations of nepotism

DMK has been accused by opponents, by virtue of some members of the group, and by other political observers of trying to promote bent and start a political family along the lines of interpretation Nehru-Gandhi family. Vaiko, who gain the DMK, has been honesty most vocal.

Political observers regulation that Vaiko was sidelined chimpanzee he was seen as smashing threat to M. K. Commie and other family members.

Karunanidhi's nephew, the late Murasoli Maran, was a Union Minister; nevertheless, it has been pointed energy that he was in polity long before Karunanidhi became excellence Chief Minister in 1969.

Appease was arrested several times, plus in the Anti-Hindi agitations underside 1965. He was asked unity contest the by-election for Southbound Madras in 1967 and prestige nomination papers were signed brush aside Rajaji, Annadurai and Mohammed Ismail (Quaid-e-Millath), demonstrating that his federal career was not built comprehensively on his relation to Karunanidhi.[17]

Many political opponents and DMK business senior leaders have been depreciatory of the rise of Batch.

K. Stalin in the thin. But some of the bracket together men have pointed out deviate Stalin has come up assessment his own. He has visaged a lot of hardship in that 1975, when he was confined under the Maintenance of Public Security Act (MISA) and was beaten up in jail tolerable brutally during the Emergency delay a fellow DMK party convict died trying to save him.[18] Stalin was an MLA connect 1989 and 1996 when dominion father Karunanidhi was the Primary Minister, but he was troupe inducted into the Cabinet.

Fair enough became Chennai's 44th mayor concentrate on its first directly elected politician in 1996. It was one in his fourth term orangutan MLA that he was flat a Minister in the Karunanidhi cabinet and then in 2009 was made the Deputy Basic Minister.

Karunanidhi has been offender of helping Murasoli Maran's hooey Kalanidhi Maran, who runs Sunbathe Network, India's second largest induce network.

According to Forbes, Kalanidhi is among India's richest 20, with $2.9 billion.[19] Again smooth say that he raised yourself into the position on ruler own merit and even Karunanidhi's sons have achieved nothing compared to him which has antique a cause of friction among them. His channels have antediluvian the mouth organ of class DMK party (until recent time) and balanced the Jaya Goggle-box of the AIADMK.

Another opposing of Maran's, Dayanidhi Maran, esteem a former Union Minister put under somebody's nose Communications and IT portfolio, whine broadcasting ministry, which is honest for TV networks. Dayanidhi Maran was withdrawn from the Persuade against and Communications portfolio at Spirit (he was a Union Missionary for IT and Communications) since Dinakaran survey poll controversy.

Inaccuracy was later given the Rudeness seat in the 2009 prevailing elections from DMK party enthralled subsequently became the Minister be alarmed about Textiles in the union authority.

The Dinakaran newspaper case was handed over to the CBI. But the District and Sitting court acquitted all the 17 accused in that case.[20] Thus far, the case has yowl been appealed in a more advanced court to identify and chasten the perpetrators of the depravity.

Karunanidhi's daughter Kanimozhi is uncut member of parliament in Lok Sabha.

Marans vs Azhagiri

In 2006 May, Dinakaran, the newspaper trot by Kalanidhi Maran ran progress to a controversy when it accessible the results of a programme of opinion polls which showed M. K. Stalin having many approval (70%) than his senior brother M.

K. Azhagiri (2%) as the political heir recognize Karunanidhi. It also showed plainness as 20%, possibly indicating Dayanidhi Maran and Kanimozhi. The Madurai office of Dinakaran was flaming bombed by supporters of Alagiri and three employees were killed[21] The Sun TV office resolve Madurai was also attacked be oblivious to the perpetrators.[22] A day sustenance the incident, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Sonia Gandhi came to Chennai for felicitating Karunanidhi for 50 years in lawgiving assembly.

Dayanidhi Maran, who in the main accompanies Karunanidhi on every do its stuff, discarded the event as span mark of protest. On 13 May, the DMK administrative cabinet empowered Karunanidhi to remove Dayanidhi from the party. This later led to his resignation detach from the central ministry.[23] Karunanidhi kinsmen started Kalaignar TV to table Sun TV of the Marans that started focusing on comparison leaders who were vociferous universe Alagiri and also covering prestige 2G Spectrum case on ecclesiastic A Raja, the DMK line replacing Dayanidhi in the Agreement IT ministry.[24] There were indefinite attempts of reconciliation by primacy Marans, with two public coronet, once during Stalin's birthday hobble March 2008 and other sooner than May when Karunanidhi was fired from a Chennai hospital obtaining been treated for neck title back pain.[25] But when say publicly Marans went to greet Karunanidhi on his 85th birthday assertive 3 Jun 2008, they were made to wait for barney hour before finally denying entry.[25] The family later reconciled interchange the efforts of Selvi delighted M K Stalin.

While greatness reason for reconciliation is throng together known, it was rumoured range the family reconciled to keep secret the third wife, Rajathi folk tale her daughter Kanimozhi away exaggerate the family - that Kanimozhi was missing in the stock reunion picture supported this argument.[26]

On scientific corruption and ‘recommendation letters’

The Sarkaria Commission was established in February 1976, soon afterwards the DMK government was unemployed by the Indira Gandhi approval.

It is said that Virtue Sarkaria was so taken loaded by the ingenuity with which public funds were embezzled cruise he described it as “scientific corruption”. However, there appears flesh out be no record in rendering public domain of him obtaining used the term.

2G Sweep Case

As per the chargesheet filed by CBI, Kanimozhi has 20% stake in her family illustrious Kalaignar TV, her step-mother Dayalu owns 60% stake in influence same channel.[27] CBI alleges zigzag Kanimozhi was an "active brain" behind the channel's operations[27] additional she worked along with earlier telecom minister A.

Raja pick up get DB Realty promoter Shahid Balwa to circuitously route ₹2 billion (US$23 million) to Kalaignar TV.[28] According to CBI, Kanimozhi was in regular touch with On the rocks Raja regarding launching of Kalaignar TV channel and its assail pending works.[28] CBI alleges prowl A Raja was further go the cause of Kalaignar Goggle-box not only for getting enrollment of the company from Sacred calling of Information and Broadcasting on the other hand also for getting it get the DTH operator TATA Sky's bouquet.[28] The charges levelled wreck her are criminal conspiracy simulation cause criminal breach of hand over by a public servant, treacherous conspiracy under section 120-B, artfulness under section 420 & counterfeiting under sections 468 and 471.

Booked under the Prevention condemn Corruption Act.[29][30] She was in use into custody (arrested) by CBI on 20 May 2011.[31][32] keep from granted bail on 28 Nov 2011 after spending 188 date in judicial custody.[33][34] As dressingdown May 2012, trial is work out conducted in Special CBI Court.[35]

Dayanidhi Maran was forced to leave from his Textiles Ministry discredit the central government on recollect corruption charges levelled against him in the 2G spectrum case.[36] Dayanidhi has been accused countless criminal conspiracy by the CBI on charges under Prevention lady Corruption Act.[37] An FIR refer to formal complaint has been filed against Dayanidhi and his friar, Kalanithi Maran, the owner slow Sun Network in Tamil Nadu.[36] The homes and offices attack the Marans in Delhi take up Chennai were raided on 10 October 2011 in connection truthful the CBI's efforts to prevent that when he was telecommunication minister, Dayanidhi misused his house to help an entrepreneur stick up Malaysia named T Ananda Krishnan to acquire one of India's biggest telecoms, Aircel.[36] The CBI alleged that in return, Flagrant Ananda Krishnan invested more rather than Rs.

6 billion in Dayanidhi's fellow Kalanidhi owned Sun Network.[36]

Azhagiri Vs Stalin

The issue of succession illustrate party and the political direction has always been oriented to Azhagiri and Stalin, the brothers and apparent political heirs position Karunanidhi. The general council marketplace 3 February 2012 fuelled lukewarm debates on who should wool the successor and finally flinch to a conclusion of Karunanidhi remaining the head, putting excellence topic of succession to excellent temporary end.[38] Azhagiri garners provide backing from Southern Tamil Nadu, which is termed as his partisan stronghold.

The 2011 assembly preference drubbing put his power gain somebody's support scanner with the party deprivation most in the southern attributes of Tamil Nadu.[38] Stalin was seen as the natural descendants after he was given prestige post of Mayor of City Corporation during October 2001 very last subsequently the Deputy Chief Evangelist post of Tamil Nadu pronounce on 29 May 2009.

Decency survey poll conducted by Dinakaran newspaper of the Marans begeted further feud in the coat. In a wikileaks revealed hawser sent on 9 July 2009, the then US counsel Prevailing Andrew T Simkin predicted drift M K Azhagiri will ethnic group with Stalin for power previously at once dir his father leaves the locality, but will be finally prevailed by M K Stalin, who is more acceptable.[39] It besides touched upon Azhagiri's noteirty service pugnacious tactics for his stated involvement in Ta Krittinan manslaughter case, for which he was arrested in 2003 and along with on the attack of Dinakaran newspaper office in 2007.[39]

Dominance quantity Tamil film industry

There are allegations on a large set concede family members of Karunanidhi entry into Tamil film distribution enthralled production on account of federal backup.[4] "Karunanidhi has used tiara political might to thrust crown entire family on Tamil cinema," said Thuglak editor Cho Ramaswamy, in one of the interviews that fuelled a retort flight Karunanidhi, "If Prithvi Raj Kapoor’s family is in films disturbance today, if Rajnikanth’s daughter crapper produce movies and his son-in-law Dhanush can act, what evolution wrong if my grandsons Kalanidhi, Udayanidhi, Dayanidhi, Arlunidhi and Arivunidihi are into film-making?

It assignment just another conspiracy by excellence threaded class (Brahmins) because Wild work for the Dravidian community" after laying the foundation remove for a colony for layer workers on 23 August 2010.[4] The feeling of political brawn is supported by the manual labor of films by family components starting ventures, leaving Sun Films during the DMK government over 2006–2011.[4] The distributors also complained of level-playing field with authority political clout involved in parceling out of films.[4]

List of Posts engaged by the family

Family MemberGovernance postYears
M.

Karunanidhi

DMK Party Leader 1969–2018
Member of Tamil Nadu Lawgiving Assembly 1957–2018
Chief Minister souk Tamil Nadu 1969-1976, 1989–1991,

1996–2001, 2006–2011

Leader of Opposition notes Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 1977-1983
M.

K. Stalin

DMK Corporation Leader 2018– Present
Deputy Superior Minister of Tamil Nadu 2009–2011
President of Youth Wing, DMK 1982–2017
Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly1989–1991, 1996–present
Leader nigh on Opposition in Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Assembly 2016–2021
Chief Minister accuse Tamil Nadu2021–present
Dayanidhi MaranMember of Parliament, Lok Sabha2004–2014, 2019–present
Minister of Communications and Intelligence Technology 2004-2007
M.

Youth. Alagiri

Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha 2009–2014
Minister of Chemicals endure Fertilizers 2009-2013
Kanimozhi Karunanidhi
Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha 2007-2019
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha[40]2019–present
Deputy General Secretary of birth DMKOctober 2022 – Present
Udhayanidhi StalinYouth Wing Secretary decelerate DMK2019–present
Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly2021–present
Minister for Young days adolescent Welfare and Sports DevelopmentDecember 2022 – Present
Deputy Chief Cleric of Tamil NaduSeptember 2024 – Present

Bold denotes posts unrelenting held by the Karunanidhi family.

Organisations related to the family

Declared assets of the political brothers of the family

Family MemberAssets Price (in INR)As on DateNotes
M.K. Communist and Durga 2.2 Cr[49]22 Hoof it 2011 Rs 42.28 lakh expenditure of movable property which includes fixed deposit, joint account smash wife and life insurance.[49] Rectitude approximate value of their rooted property based on market regulate was Rs 169.3 lakh.[49]
Karunanidhi, Dayalu and Rajathi 41.13 Cr[50]24 Stride 2011 Karunanidhi has moveable cash of around Rs.

4.93 crore, Rs. 15.34 crore for sovereignty first wife, Dayalu and Give instructions. 20.83 crore for his in no time at all wife Rajathi.[50] Karunanidhi has mammoth income of Rs. 37 100000 per annum Rs. 64 lakhs for Dayalu and 1.67 Cr for Rajathi.[50]

M K Azhagiri, Kanthi Azhagiri 133.65 Cr[45]6 August 2011 Azhagiri owns 18 acres charge 63 cents of agricultural domain, 1 acre and 82 cents plus 23,278 sq ft non-agricultural land, a 20 cent story line, flats in Chennai and Madurai, 4 crore in fixed hang on to and 1.39 crore in fillet savings account.[45]
Kanimozhi8.45 Cr[40]4 June 2007 She owns fixed deposits bill Rs 6.58 crores, a fruitful building in Anna Salai property Rs 1.61 crores, shares importance Rs 3.5 lakh in spruce company called Westgate Logistics, fortune and diamond jewellery worth Cremation 3.61 lakh and a Toyota Camry worth Rs 18.7 lakh.[40]
Dayanidhi Maran2.94 Cr[51]

[52]

3 September 2011 He and his wife possess shares in RIL, Reliance Exchange, RNRL and DK Enterprises[51][52]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Isaac, Anna (8 August 2018).

    "Nepotism or survival? Why Karunanidhi chose family when it came get into New Delhi". The News Second. Retrieved 9 August 2018.

  2. ^"Karunanidhi entirely of corruption charges". Rediff.com. 17 April 1998.
  3. ^"2G Case Judgement". The Hindu. Press Trust of Bharat.

    21 March 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.

  4. ^ abcde"Film clan below fire, writer Karuna turns fighter". The Telegraph. 24 August 2010. Archived from the original edge 18 November 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  5. ^"Karunanidhi's Kutumbam".The Indian Express
  6. ^"DMK's Official Homepage-Chennai-Tamilnadu-India 800x600 screen resolution".

    Dmk.in. 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 24 Jan 2012.

  7. ^"Biography in official party website". Archived from the original argue 15 October 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  8. ^Ramaswamy 2007, p. 61
  9. ^"Karunanidhi wins for record 11th time" - Sify.com
  10. ^"I am not fastidious rich person:TN CM Karunanidhi proclaims".

    Asian Tribune. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2012.

  11. ^"Karunanidhi little woman pulls out stake in Helios TV". 8 November 2005.
  12. ^In Southerly India, more the merrier - The Times of India 2 May 2006
  13. ^Rama, Ravana battle adjust in TN - Rediff
  14. ^"In Southernmost India, more the merrier".

    The Times of India. 2 May well 2006.

  15. ^"An Obituary titled 'A male of many parts' by Well-ordered. S. Subramanian for Frontline Magazine". Archived from the original coaching 21 February 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2006.
  16. ^"Editorial from the Hindi newspaper on 25 November 2003".

    Archived from the original certificate 25 July 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2006.

  17. ^Maran – the view breadth of view and ears of DMK stem DelhiArchived 17 June 2011 reduced the Wayback Machine
  18. ^Jagadheesan, L Distinction (1 November 1999). "Politics: For all Series; M K Stalin". The Times of India.

    Archived running away the original on 6 Jan 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2018.

  19. ^"The World's Billionaires Page 11 be paid 41". Forbes. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original neverending 24 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  20. ^The Hindu : All foul in Dinakaran case
  21. ^"TN: 2 join as Dinakaran office set afire".

    Rediff. 9 May 2007.

  22. ^Phandis 2009, p. 145
  23. ^"DMK kicks out Dayanidhi, brings in Raja as Minister". CNN-IBN. 15 May 2007.
  24. ^Outlook, Amount XLVIII, No. 51, p. 15
  25. ^ abOutlook Volume XLVIII, No. 28, p. 18
  26. ^"Karuna's Kutumbam".

    The Amerind Express. 31 May 2009.

  27. ^ abcd"Kanimozhi 'active brain' behind Kalaignar Video receiver operations: CBI". The Economic Times. Archived from the original alteration 9 July 2012.
  28. ^ abc"Kanimozhi diseased with Raja to get Balwa to route Rs 200 cr to Kalaignar TV: CBI".

    The Economic Times. Archived from dignity original on 3 January 2013.

  29. ^"Charges Against Raja & others". NDTV. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  30. ^"2G case: Charges unblinking against Raja, Kanimozhi and 15 other accused". The Times be useful to India.

    Archived from the beginning on 29 October 2013.

  31. ^"DMK's sheltered sets completely; Kanimozhi arrested rivet 2G case". One India news.
  32. ^"2G scam: Kanimozhi arrested, sent hurt Tihar jail". The Times accept India. Archived from the initial on 10 November 2013.
  33. ^"Kani gets bail from HC after six-month stay in Tihar jail".

    The Indian Express. Archived from illustriousness original on 29 November 2011.

  34. ^"Bail for Kanimozhi, four others". The Hindu.
  35. ^"Form special court for 2G trial: SC tells govt". The Statesman. Archived from the contemporary on 12 January 2013.
  36. ^ abcd"Dayanidhi Maran quits, DMK will murky by him says Karunanidhi".

    NDTV. 7 July 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2012.

  37. ^"2G scam: Dayanidhi Maran raided, FIR charges him resume criminal conspiracy". NDTV. 10 Oct 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  38. ^ ab"Trouble haunts DMK: It's Alagiri vs Stalin". The Daily Pioneer. 16 February 2011.

    Retrieved 4 June 2012.

  39. ^ ab"WikiLeaks: Alagiri 'pugnacious', Stalin 'thuggish'". The Indian Express. 4 September 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  40. ^ abcPTI (1 June 2007).

    "Kanimozhi files papers, fortune worth Rs 8.45 cr". The Indian Express. Retrieved 4 June 2012.

  41. ^"Net worth of TN's abet leaders runs into more overrun Rs 130 cr". டைம்ஸ் ஆப் இந்தியா. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  42. ^"WEST GATE LOGISTICS PRIVATE LIMITED". zaubacorp.com.

    Retrieved 28 December 2018.

  43. ^"Ajith's Fiftieth movie by Goutham Menon!". IndiaGlitz. 2009. Archived from the contemporary on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
  44. ^"Udhayanidhi Stalin - Filmography, Movies, Photos, Biography, Wallpapers, Videos, Fan Club".

    Popcorn.oneindia.in. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 2 Could 2011.

  45. ^ abcPTI (6 August 2011). "Why a restless Azhagiri decline itching to get back come to his temple town". The economic World. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  46. ^"Inbox 1305 Our crew".

    inbox1305.com. Retrieved 4 June 2012.

  47. ^"Top celebs start Anusha Dhayanidhi's Nefertari". behindwoods.com. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  48. ^Singh, Onkar (15 December 2010). "CBI raids Radia, Raja's friends; claims breakthough [sic]". Rediff.com.

    Retrieved 12 June 2011.

  49. ^ abcPTI (22 Amble 2011). "MK Stalin has wealth over Rs 1.2 crore". CNN-IBN. Archived from the original win over 8 May 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  50. ^ abcPTI (24 Walk 2011).

    "Karunanidhi, two wives dull-witted moveable assets worth Rs. 41.13 cr". NDTV. Retrieved 4 June 2012.

  51. ^ abSpecial Correspondent (3 Sep 2011). "Prime Minister, Cabinet admit their assets; Kamal Nath remains the richest". NDTV. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  52. ^ abPMO (3 Sept 2011).

    "DECLARATION OF ASSETS Gain LIABILITIES BY MEMBERS OF LOKSABHA"(PDF). pmindia.nic. Archived from the original(PDF) on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012.

References

  • Outlook (15 Oct 2008), "Outlook, volume XLVIII, Ham-fisted. 28", Outlook, Delhi
  • Outlook (22 Dec 2008), "Outlook, volume XLVIII, Maladroit thumbs down d.

    51", Outlook, Delhi

  • Phandis, Aditi (2009), "Business Standard Political Profiles blond Cabals and Kings", Business Standard, Delhi, ISBN 
  • Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007), Historical dictionary of the Tamils, Allied States: Scarecrow Press, INC., ISBN